- The potassium manganate VII particles break away from the crystals, dissolve in water and then diffuse through the water until they are evenly distributed. The Role of Diffusion in Living Organisms a In Plants Diffusion plays an important role in...
- Diffusion also contributes to the transportation of manufactured food materials from the leaves to other parts of the plant. End products of digestion such as amino acids and glucose diffuse across the wall of the ileum into the blood for transport...
- Small organisms can, therefore, depend on diffusion alone as a means of transporting foods, respiratory gases and waste products. To large organisms, diffusion alone is inadequate as a means of transport of foods and excretion. They have an additional transport system. Organisms always lose heat to the surrounding through diffusion. This implies that small animals lose a lot of heat to the surrounding compared to the large animals. This is because the distance covered by the diffusing molecules is greater through the thicker membranes. The rate of diffusion is higher in thinner membranes. Osmosis Osmosis is a process by which solvent molecules move from a region of high concentration dilute solution to a region of low concentration concentrated solution through a semi permeable membrane. Osmosis can be described as a special type of diffusion since it involves movement of solvent Water particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
- Demonstration of Osmosis Using a Visking Tubing Requirements 5OOcm3 beaker, visking tubing, a piece of thread, glass rod, concentrated sugar solution, cm3 distilled Water. Procedure 1. Into the beaker, put cm3 of the distilled water. Dip the visking tubing in water to moisten it. Open the visking tubing and tie one end with the thread provided.
- Half fill the visking tubing with the sugar solution provided and then tie the open end of the tubing. Ensure no sugar solution spills out of the tubing. Immerse the visking tubing into the distilled water in the beaker and suspend it using the glass rod provided. Leave the set up for about 30 minutes. Record your observations. Explain the observations made. Observations The visking tubing became swollen indicating that its cell contents increased. The amount of water in the beaker decreased. This implies that water moved from the beaker into the visking tubing.
- Explanation The visking tubing contains both sugar and water molecules. The beaker contains a higher concentration of water molecules than the visking tubing. The water molecules diffused from the beaker where they are highly concentrated into the visking tubing where they are lowly concentrated. Even though there is a higher concentration of sugar molecules in the visking tubing, they were not able to diffuse out of the visking tubing due to their large molecular sizes. The visking tubing is semi permeable. Other than visking tubing, dialysis tubing or cellophane are also other semi permeable membranes that can be used in this experiment. Osmosis explained When two separate solutions are separated by a semi permeable membrane, there will be movement of water molecules from their region of high concentration dilute solution to a region of low concentration the highly concentrated solution across the semi permeable membrane. The semi permeable membrane does not allow movement of solute particles across it.
- The movement of the water molecules continues until the separate solutions have the same concentrations. Solutions with the same concentrations are referred to as isotonic solutions. The solutions are said to be isotonic to each other. A lowly concentrated solution dilute solution is referred to as a hypotonic solution. A hypotonic solution has less of the solute molecules but more of the solvent molecules. A highly concentrated solution with more of the solute particles but less of the solvent particles is referred to as a hypertonic solution. When isotonic solutions are separated with a semi permeable membrane, there will be no net movement of solvent molecules to any of the solutions since they have the same concentration of solvent molecules.
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Osmotic pressure When a concentrated solution is separated from distilled water by a semi permeable membrane, the concentrated solution will develop a force with which it draws water through the semi permeable membrane from the distilled water. Osmotic pressure refers to the force with which a concentrated solution draws water to itself. An osmometer is an instrument used to measure the osmotic pressure. Osmotic potential This is a measure of the pressure a solution would develop to withdraw water molecules from pure water when separated by a semi permeable membrane. Water Relations in Animals As discussed earlier, the cell membrane is semi permeable. Let us discuss what would happen if an animal cell say red blood cell is placed in solutions of varying concentrations a Red blood cell in hypotonic solution e. When a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will move into the cell through osmosis. The cell will swell and burst.- Swelling of red blood cell when placed in a hypotonic solution is referred to as haemolysis. The cell is said to be haemolysed. Water will, therefore, be drawn out of the cell into the hypertonic solution. The cell will shrink and become small. The cell is said to be crenated. The process by which animal cells shrink and become smaller when placed in hypertonic solutions is referred to as crenation. Note: When the cell becomes haemolysed or crenated, its functioning is impaired. This will prevent bursting or shrinking of the cells that would otherwise impair their physiology.
- The body has a mechanism through which these concentrations are maintained at a nearly same concentration. Water Relations in Plants Water relations in plant cells differ with that in animal cells. A plant cell has both a cellulose cell wall and cell membrane. The centre of the cell contains vacuole with sap. The sap is a solution of salts and sugars and is bound by a membrane, the tonoplast. The cell membrane and tonoplast are semi permeable while the cellulose cell wall is fully permeable. The cellulose cell wall is rigid and does not allow plant cells to burst as in the case of animal cells.
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As the cell gains more water, the vacuole enlarges and exerts an outward an outward pressure on the cell wall called turgor pressure. The turgor pressure increases as more water is taken into the vacuole causing the cell to stretch until the cell cannot stretch any more. The cell becomes firm and is said to be turgid. Turgor pressure is the outward pressure that the cell cytoplasm exerts on the cell wall as it gains more water through osmosis. When the cell wall is being stretched towards the outside, it will develop a resistant pressure to stretching that is equal and opposite to turgor pressure called wall pressure. It the cell loses more water, its contents reduce in size and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall towards the centre. Wilting Plants always lose water to the atmosphere through transpiration and evaporation. Simultaneously, the plant cells lose water and draw more from the soil.- Wilting is a phenomenon that occurs when plant cells lose more water than they draw from the soil making the plant cells to lose their turgor pressure and droop.
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