- This is a downside for people who are not fond of memorizing commands. What Is Caching? Answer : Caching is the processing of utilizing a region of fast memory for a limited data and process. A cache memory is usually much efficient because of its...
- What Are Interrupts? Answer : Interrupts are part of a hardware mechanism that sends a notification to the CPU when it wants to gain access to a particular resource. What Is Gui? It provides users with an interface wherein actions can be performed...
- This includes allocating space on the drive, designating a drive name, determining and creating the appropriate file system structure. Answer : It is the process of using the output of one program as an input to another. For example, instead of sending the listing of a folder or drive to the main screen, it can be piped and sent to a file, or sent to the printer to produce a hard copy. What Is Nos?
- For this reason, you should be prepared to answer questions about operating systems in your next IT interview. Even an entry-level role might require a basic knowledge of operating systems to support business needs fully. In this article, we provide a few sample operating system interview questions and answers to assist you when preparing for an interview. What is an operating system? An operating system is a robust piece of software that allows other software and hardware to perform its regular functions. Operating systems control many essential hardware functions, such as access to internal and external storage, input and output devices, and network connectivity. The operating system also allocates memory necessary for running software.
- Without some type of OS, you generally cannot run compute software or perform the regular tasks of a computer. Enterprise businesses require more complex operating systems with features like server operating systems to meet the unique demands of the business. Well-functioning and optimized operating systems are essential to business production across all industries. For that reason, interviewers might ask you these standard questions: Describe the relationship between computers and operating systems.
- Explain your experience with RAID and disk redundancy. What types of operating systems are available? What is multiprogramming, and what are the advantages? Describe how to boot an operating system. Describe the relationship between computers and operating systems This prompt is an opportunity to thoughtfully display a deep knowledge of how operating systems work and what duties they perform. You can tie in a professional example by speaking about a time you had to navigate OS failure and the impact it had on hardware. It is an essential part of computer and server functioning. As an IT manager at Team Calico, I provided support for a client whose server failed when the operating system crashed. Luckily, they had redundant systems and I was able to fix the problem with a reboot. This saved them from experiencing any major downtime. Answering this question shows the interviewer you have practical experience with OS disk redundancy and performance optimization of servers.
- IT professionals use RAID on servers and with network-attached storage devices to improve performance. It does this by storing data redundantly across disks, decreasing the number of users who have to access the same disk to retrieve information. It can also be used for redundancy in the case of system failure. RAID can occur at different levels—zero through six—which indicate their function. Data recovery features start to occur at RAID 3. If applicable, offer a personal experience where you used RAID to solve an operating system problem.
- I implemented RAID 3 across our organization. It was an actionable data recovery solution and decreased our IT spend by five percent. There are several OS types that businesses and consumers use. Answering a question on OS types displays your knowledge of the subject beyond basic consumer use. The most common types of operating systems currently available are: Clustered operating system.
- Lets have a look at below Lists of Short Descriptive type Questions that may be asked in this format in Written Exams. What is an operating system? An operating system is a program that manages the computer hardware. It controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users. What is the kernel? A more common definition is that the OS is the one program running at all times on the computer ,usually called the kernel, with all else being application programs.
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What are batch systems? Batch systems are quite appropriate for executing large jobs that need little interaction. The user can submit jobs and return later for the results. It is not necessary to wait while the job is processed. What is graceful degradation? In multiprocessor systems, failure of one processor will not halt the system, but only slow it down by sharing the work of failure system by other systems. This ability to continue providing service is proportional to the surviving hardware is called graceful degradation. Differentiate Tightly coupled systems and loosely coupled systems? Loosely coupled systems Tightly coupled systems Each processor has its own local memory Common memory is shared by many processors Each processor can communicate with other all through communication lines No need of any special communication lines 6.- What is real time system? A real time system has well defined ,fixed time constraints. Processing must be done within the defined constraints, or the system will fail. It is often used as a control device in a dedicated application. What are privileged instructions? Some of the machine instructions that may cause harm to a system are designated as privileged instructions. The hardware allows the privileged instructions to be executed only in monitor mode.
- What do you mean by system calls? System calls provide the interface between a process and the operating system. When a system call is executed, it is treated as by the hardware as software interrupt. What is a process? A process is a program in execution. It is an active entity and it includes the process stack,containing temporary data and the data section contains global variables. What is process control block? Each process is represented in the OS by a process control block. It contain many pieces of information associated with a specific process.
- What is schedulers? A process migrates between the various scheduling queues through out its life time. The OS must select processes from these queues in some fashion. This selection process is carried out by a scheduler. What are the use of job queues, ready queues and device queues? As a process enters a system they are put in to a job queue. This queues consist of all jobs in the system. The processes that are residing in main memory and are ready and waiting to execute are kept on a list called ready queue. What is meant by context switch? Switching the CPU to another process requires saving the state of the old process and loading the saved state for the new process. This task is known as context switch. What is independent process? A process is independent it cannot affect Or be affected by the other processes executing in the system. Any process does not share data with other process is a independent process. What is co-operative process? A process is co-operating if it can affect or be affected by the other processes executing in the system.
- Any process that share data with other process is a co-operating process. What are the benefits OS co-operating process? Information sharing.
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Terminated Process 10 What is the difference between micro kernel and macro kernel? Micro kernel: micro kernel is the kernel which runs minimal performance affecting services for operating system. In micro kernel operating system all other operations are performed by processor. Macro Kernel: Macro Kernel is a combination of micro and monolithic kernel. It is a very useful memory saving technique that is used for multi-programmed time sharing systems. It provides functionality that multiple users can share a single copy of program during the same period. It has two key aspects: The program code cannot modify itself.- The local data for each user process must be stored separately. A program while running or executing is known as a process. Paging is used to solve the external fragmentation problem in operating system. This technique ensures that the data you need is available as quickly as possible. Demand paging specifies that if an area of memory is not currently being used, it is swapped to disk to make room for an application's need.
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As many as processors are increased, you will get the considerable increment in throughput. It is cost effective also because they can share resources. So, the overall reliability increases. Virtual memory is a very useful memory management technique which enables processes to execute outside of memory.- This technique is especially used when an executing program cannot fit in the physical memory. Thrashing is a phenomenon in virtual memory scheme when the processor spends most of its time in swapping pages, rather than executing instructions. These are the 4 conditions: 1 Mutual Exclusion Condition: It specifies that the resources involved are non-sharable. It specifies that the processes in the system form a circular list or a chain where each process in the chain is waiting for a resource held by next process in the chain. A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization.
- It consists of a thread ID, program counter, register set and a stack. It is a type of scheduling algorithm. Its implementation is managed by a FIFO queue. It is the most common type of multiple processor system. In SMP, each processor runs an identical copy of the operating system, and these copies communicate with one another when required. What are the different RAID levels? It is used to store the same data redundantly to improve the overall performance. Deadlock is a specific situation or condition where two processes are waiting for each other to complete so that they can start. But this situation causes hang for both of them.
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There are 4 necessary conditions to achieve a deadlock: Mutual Exclusion: At least one resource must be held in a non-sharable mode. If any other process requests this resource, then that process must wait for the resource to be released. Hold and Wait: A process must be simultaneously holding at least one resource and waiting for at least one resource that is currently being held by some other process. No preemption: Once a process is holding a resource i. Note: This condition implies the hold-and-wait condition, but it is easier to deal with the conditions if the four are considered separately. Banker's algorithm is used to avoid deadlock. It is the one of deadlock-avoidance method. It is named as Banker's algorithm on the banking system where bank never allocates available cash in such a manner that it can no longer satisfy the requirements of all of its customers.- Logical address space specifies the address that is generated by CPU. On the other hand physical address space specifies the address that is seen by the memory unit. Fragmentation is a phenomenon of memory wastage. It reduces the capacity and performance because space is used inefficiently. There are two types of fragmentation: Internal fragmentation: It is occurred when we deal with the systems that have fixed size allocation units. External fragmentation: It is occurred when we deal with systems that have variable-size allocation units.
- Spooling is a process in which data is temporarily gathered to be used and executed by a device, program or the system. It is associated with printing. When different applications send output to the printer at the same time, spooling keeps these all jobs into a disk file and queues them accordingly to the printer. Internal commands are the built-in part of the operating system while external commands are the separate file programs that are stored in a separate folder or directory. Semaphore is a protected variable or abstract data type that is used to lock the resource being used.
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The value of the semaphore indicates the status of a common resource. There are two types of semaphore: Binary semaphores Counting semaphores 32 What is a binary Semaphore? Binary semaphore takes only 0 and 1 as value and used to implement mutual exclusion and synchronize concurrent processes. Usually, on increasing the number of frames allocated to a process virtual memory, the process execution is faster, because fewer page faults occur. Sometimes, the reverse happens, i. This is Belady's Anomaly. This is true for certain page reference patterns. Starvation is Resource management problem. In this problem, a waiting process does not get the resources it needs for a long time because the resources are being allocated to other processes.- Aging is a technique used to avoid the starvation in resource scheduling system. A list of advantages of multithreaded programming: Enhance the responsiveness to the users. Resource sharing within the process. Economical Completely utilize the multiprocessing architecture. Logical address specifies the address which is generated by the CPU whereas physical address specifies to the address which is seen by the memory unit.
- After fragmentation 38 What are overlays? Overlays makes a process to be larger than the amount of memory allocated to it. It ensures that only important instructions and data at any given time are kept in memory. Thrashing specifies an instance of high paging activity. This happens when it is spending more time paging instead of executing.
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